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Academic regalia in the United States
Academic regalia in the United States has a history going back to the colonial colleges era. It has been most influenced by the academic dress traditions of Europe. There is an Inter-Collegiate Code which sets out a detailed uniform scheme of academic regalia that is voluntarily followed by many, though not all institutions entirely adhere to it.
==Gowns and robes==
Bachelor's and master's gowns in the United States are similar to some of their counterparts in the United Kingdom, particularly Oxford. The main differences are that the bachelor's gown is designed to be worn closed and that the sleeves of the modern gown are square at the end instead of pointed〔Stephen Wolgast, "King's Crowns: The History of Academic Dress at King's College and Columbia University," Transactions of the Burgon Society 9 (2009), p. 122.〕 as the Code calls for. The master's gown sleeve is oblong and, though the base of the sleeve hangs down in the typical manner, it is square-cut at the rear part of the oblong shape. The front part has an arc cut away, and there is a slit for the wrist opening (which before 1960 was located at the elbow as on British gowns), but the rest of the arc is closed. The shape is evocative of the square-cut liripipe incorporated into many academic hoods (''see'', below). The master's gown is designed to be worn open or closed.〔
Doctoral gowns are typically black, although some schools use gowns in the school's colors.〔 The Code calls for the outside shell of the hood to remain black in that case. Doctoral gowns have bell sleeves with three velvet bands on them and velvet facing on the front of the gown. The Code calls for the gown trim to be either black or the color designated for the field of study in which the doctorate is earned, with the proviso that the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) uses the dark blue velvet of philosophy regardless of the particular field studied. (For example, a Ph.D. in theology would wear velvet gown trim in dark blue, a Doctor of Theology (Th.D.) would wear scarlet trim, or either might choose black.) The robes have full sleeves instead of the bell sleeves of the bachelor's gown. Some gowns expose a necktie or cravat when closed. They are designed to be worn open or closed in the front.〔
Members of the Board of Trustees or other governing body officers of a college or university, regardless of their degrees, are entitled to wear doctor's gowns, faced only with black velvet and black velvet bars on the sleeves. However, their hoods (''see'', below) may be only those of the degree actually held by the wearer (or one specially prescribed by the institution).〔Eugene Sullivan, ‘Academic Costume Code and Ceremony Guide,’ American Colleges and Universities, 16 ed., New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p. 1860, ''Some Permissible Exceptions.''〕 The color standardization for the outside shell of the hood as black provides flexibility of use and helps facilitate this practice.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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